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中华胸部外科电子杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (01) : 31 -39. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-8773.2024.01.04

论著

食管鳞状细胞癌手术切缘阳性大样本回顾性研究及其临床预测模型的建立与验证
李智毓1, 李昌顶2, 聂鑫2, 倪琨涵2, 韩泳涛2,(), 冷雪峰2,()   
  1. 1. 614000 乐山,乐山市人民医院胸外科
    2. 610041 成都,四川省肿瘤临床医学研究中心,四川省肿瘤医院·研究所,四川省癌症防治中心,电子科技大学附属肿瘤医院胸外科
  • 收稿日期:2023-07-20 修回日期:2023-11-16 接受日期:2024-02-04 出版日期:2024-02-28
  • 通信作者: 韩泳涛, 冷雪峰
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2403400); 四川省科技厅国际合作项目(24GJHZ0166); 四川省科技厅四川省重点研发项目(2023YFS0044、2023YFQ0056、2022YFQ0008); 吴阶平医学基金会(320.6750.2020-15-3); 四川省临床重点专科建设项目

Large-scale retrospective study of positive surgical margins in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and the establishment and validation of a clinical predictive model

Zhiyu Li1, Changding Li2, Xin Nie2, Kunhan Ni2, Yongtao Han2,(), Xuefeng Leng2,()   

  1. 1. Department of Thoracic Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Leshan, Leshan 614000, China
    2. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
  • Received:2023-07-20 Revised:2023-11-16 Accepted:2024-02-04 Published:2024-02-28
  • Corresponding author: Yongtao Han, Xuefeng Leng
引用本文:

李智毓, 李昌顶, 聂鑫, 倪琨涵, 韩泳涛, 冷雪峰. 食管鳞状细胞癌手术切缘阳性大样本回顾性研究及其临床预测模型的建立与验证[J]. 中华胸部外科电子杂志, 2024, 11(01): 31-39.

Zhiyu Li, Changding Li, Xin Nie, Kunhan Ni, Yongtao Han, Xuefeng Leng. Large-scale retrospective study of positive surgical margins in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and the establishment and validation of a clinical predictive model[J]. Chinese Journal of Thoracic Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2024, 11(01): 31-39.

目的

食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)在中国的发病率及死亡率高。术后切缘肿瘤残留往往提示预后不良。本研究旨在回顾性分析切缘阳性现状并建立一个可行的临床预测模型,以预测ESCC患者术后出现手术切缘阳性(PSM)的可能性并加以验证。

方法

回顾性分析四川省肿瘤医院食管癌全程管理数据库(SCCH-ECCM database)2010年1月至2017年12月共2 846名因ESCC接受手术治疗的患者,分析术后病理结果和手术相关临床资料,识别出手术切缘具有肉眼可见残留肿瘤(R2)和镜下可见残留肿瘤(R1)的患者,并定义为PSM。应用logistic回归分析确定独立危险因素,应用列线图构建预测模型,通过Bootstrap法(重复抽样1 000次后),绘制校准曲线(calibration curve)和受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价该模型有效性。对比实际风险和预测风险;绘制决策曲线(DCA),通过计算不同阈值概率下的净效益来评估列线图临床应用价值。

结果

本研究最终纳入205名(7.2%)被诊断为PSM切除的患者。Logistic回归分析显示,性别、淋巴结清扫数目、肿瘤位置、pTNM分期和胸部手术方式是PSM的独立影响因素。列线图构建预测模型,ROC曲线下面积为0.796(95%CI 0.763~0.828,P<0.001),校准曲线显示预测概率与实际概率之间具有良好的一致性。

结论

PSM是影响患者术后治疗决策和预后的重要因素之一,本研究建立并验证了一个可预测ESCC患者术后切缘阳性风险的列线图,在食管癌患者术前评估和治疗决策上有潜在的应用价值。

Objective

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has a high incidence and mortality rate in China. The presence of positive surgical margins (PSM) after surgery suggests a poor prognosis. Therefore, this study aims to establish a feasible clinical prediction model to predict and verify the likelihood of PSM after surgery in ESCC patients.

Methods

By searching the Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute Esophageal Cancer Case Management Database (SCH-ECCM database) from January 2010 to December 2017, a total of 2 846 patients who underwent ESCC radical surgery at the hospital were reviewed. After retrospectively analyzing the postoperative pathological data and clinical information, patients who have visible residual tumor on the surgical margin with the naked eye (R2) or microscopic residual tumor (R1) are identified and defined as having PSM. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent risk factors. Nomogram was used to construct a predictive model, and a calibration curve was plotted to compare actual risk with predicted risk. A decision curve analysis (DCA) was performed to evaluate the clinical utility of nomogram. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve can be plotted to evaluate the validity of prediction model, and Bootstrap Method was used for internal validation.

Results

This study included 205 patients (7.2%) diagnosed with PSM. Logistic regression analysis showed that gender, number of lymph nodes examined, tumor location, pathological TNM stage, and thoracic surgical incision were independent risk factors for PSM. We used a nomogram to evaluate the performance of the predictive model, with a ROC area of 0.796 (95% CI 0.763~0.828, P<0.001) and a calibration curve showing good consistency between predicted and actual probabilities.

Conclusions

PSM is one of the important factors that influence postoperative treatment decisions and prognosis of patients. The nomogram we established to predict positive resection margin in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has potential clinical application value for preoperative assessment and treatment decision-making.

表1 患者的临床特征
基线特征 R0(n=2 641) 非R0(n=205) P
性别[例(%)]     0.060
498(18.9) 23(11.2)  
2 143(81.1) 182(88.8)  
年龄[岁,中位数(范围)] 62(34~90) 61(35~81) 0.237
KPS[例(%)]     0.165
<90 1 118(42.3) 97(47.3)  
≥90 1 523(57.7) 108(52.7)  
BMI[kg/m2,中位数(范围)] 21.16(12.19~35.14) 20.55(14.98~28.62) 0.001
肿瘤位置[例(%)]     <0.001
上段 632(23.9) 85(41.5)  
中段 1 428(54.1) 88(42.9)  
下段 581(22.0) 32(15.6)  
病理T分期[例(%)]     <0.001
T1 331(12.5) 13(6.3)  
T2 514(19.5) 29(14.1)  
T3 1 608(60.9) 74(36.1)  
T4 188(7.1) 89(43.4)  
病理N分期[例(%)]     <0.001
N0 1 212(45.9) 63(30.7)  
N1 770(29.2) 55(26.8)  
N2 446(16.9) 49(23.9)  
N3 213(8.1) 38(18.5)  
病理TNM分期[例(%)]     <0.001
331(12.5) 8(3.9)  
878(33.2) 28(13.7)  
1 154(43.7) 92(44.9)  
278(10.5) 77(37.6)  
淋巴结清扫数目[中位数(范围)] 20(0~112) 17(0~54) 0.001
脉管浸润[例(%)]     0.213
439(16.6) 41(20.0)  
2 202(83.4) 164(80.0)  
神经侵犯[例(%)]     0.865
477(18.1) 38(18.5)  
2 164(81.9) 167(81.5)  
多灶性病变[例(%)]     <0.001
83(3.1) 189(92.2)  
2 558(96.9) 16(7.8)  
手术方式[例(%)]     <0.001
开放 1 327(50.2) 159(77.6)  
腔镜 1 314(49.8) 46(22.4)  
吻合部位[例(%)]     0.306
颈部 1 896(71.8) 154(75.1)  
胸部或腹部 745(28.2) 51(24.9)  
术前治疗[例(%)]     0.010
54(2.0) 12(5.9)  
2 587(98.0) 193(94.1)  
表2 关于PSM患者的单因素和多因素logistic回归分析
基线特征 单因素分析 多因素分析
OR(95%CI P OR(95%CI P
性别   0.007   0.008
Ref.   Ref.  
1.839(1.179~2.868)   1.952(1.194~3.189)  
年龄 0.989(0.973~1.006) 0.218    
KPS   0.165    
<90 Ref.      
≥90 0.817(0.615~1.087)      
BMI 0.922(0.877~0.97) 0.002 0.966(0.911~1.024) 0.242
肿瘤位置   <0.001   <0.001
上段 Ref.   Ref.  
中段 0.458(0.335~0.626) <0.001 0.393(0.273~0.564) <0.001
下段 0.411(0.269~0.624) <0.001 0.293(0.18~0.475) <0.001
pT分期   <0.001   <0.001
T1 Ref.   Ref.  
T2 1.437(0.736~2.803) 0.288 0.442(0.176~1.114) 0.083
T3 1.172(0.642~2.138) 0.605 0.256(0.102~0.612) 0.002
T4 12.054(6.557~22.158) <0.001 1.294(0.464~3.608) 0.622
pN分期   <0.001   0.107
N0 Ref.   Ref.  
N1 1.374(0.947~1.995) 0.095 0.508(0.269~0.957) 0.036
N2 2.114(1.433~3.118) <0.001 0.753(0.341~1.651) 0.475
N3 3.432(2.237~5.266) <0.001 0.708(0.214~2.342) 0.571
pTNM分期   <0.001   <0.001
Ref.   Ref.  
1.319(0.595~2.924) 0.495 2.983(1.000~8.892) 0.050
3.299(1.585~6.863) 0.001 9.102(2.524~32.826) 0.001
11.46(5.439~24.147) <0.001 16.288(3.664~72.401) <0.001
淋巴结清扫个数 0.978(0.965~0.992) 0.002 0.965(0.948~0.983) <0.001
脉管浸润   0.214    
Ref.      
0.797(0.558~1.14)      
神经浸润   0.865    
Ref.      
0.969(0.672~1.397)      
多灶性病变   0.001   0.063
Ref.   Ref.  
0.383(0.22~0.668)   0.548 (0.29~1.033)  
手术方式   <0.001   <0.001
开放 Ref.   Ref.  
腔镜 0.292(0.209~0.409)   0.349 (0.233~0.523)  
吻合部位   0.307    
颈部 Ref.      
胸部或腹部 0.843(0.607~1.170)      
术前治疗   0.001   0.195
Ref.   Ref.  
0.336(0.177~0.638)   0.607 (0.286~1.291)  
图1 基于PSM独立影响因素的列线图。PSM:手术切缘阳性
图2 ROC曲线预测模型AUC=0.796(95%CI:0.763~0.828,P<0.001)
图3 校准曲线模型的预测风险与实际风险
图4 决策曲线预测模型的风险阈值和效益比率
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